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04/072021

Henan Xianwei Law Firm Holds a Special Conference on Prominent Issues in the Lawyer Industry and Party History Learning and Education

After careful preparation, on the afternoon of April 2nd, Henan Province first held a special meeting on the governance of prominent issues in the law industry and the study and education of party history for law firms. The meeting deployed the study and education of party history and conveyed the implementation plan for the study and education of party history in the law industry in Henan Province and the knowledge required for the special governance of law firms on prominent issues in the law industry throughout the province.Reading history makes people wise, and forgetting the past means betrayal. The meeting was first led by Yang Xintao, the Secretary and Director of the Party Branch, and all lawyers. Through reviewing the heroic songs and touching stories that have emerged in the Long March, the Korean War, and the "98 Flood" since the founding of the Communist Party of China, we jointly learned and understood the important speech spirit of General Secretary Xi jinping at the Party History Learning and Education Movement Conference, recognized the great significance of conducting Party history learning and education, understood the glorious history, valuable experience, and profound inspiration of the Communist Party of China's century long struggle, further deepened our deep understanding of the glorious history of the Communist Party of China, improved our ideological understanding of the Party's original mission, nature, purpose, and ideal beliefs, and enhanced our enthusiasm for learning Party history.Afterwards, Xiao Chun, the propaganda committee member and partner of the Party branch, conveyed the spirit of the "Luoyang Lawyer Industry Outstanding Issues Special Governance and Party History Learning and Education Deployment Conference" organized by the Municipal Judicial Bureau, and organized attendees to carefully study the relevant document content. Participants were required to unify their thinking, conscientiously implement the conference spirit and document requirements, and carry out special governance on prominent issues such as "improper contact and interaction with judicial personnel" and "illegal and irregular practice" in the lawyer industry. The mechanism for regulating the contact and communication between lawyers and judicial personnel, prohibiting lawyers from hyping up cases, regulating lawyer fees, and supervising lawyer practice was improved. The awareness of the lawyer team's compliance with laws and regulations, professional ethics, and adherence to fairness and justice was further enhanced, and the "four consciousnesses" were strengthened and strengthened. "Four Confidences" Achieve "two maintenance".***Later, Yang Xintao emphasized that our law firm and all lawyers must adhere to high standards and strict requirements to implement various tasks related to the special governance of prominent issues in the legal industry and the study and education of party history, strengthen the discipline and ideological and political construction of the law firm, improve political stance, standardize professional behavior, and enhance professional competence, in order to welcome the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China with a new face.

05/212018

Who is responsible for the patient's vegetative state caused by sudden power outage in the operating room

Reprinted from China Legal Information Network[Case]The plaintiff Jia Jinglan filed a lawsuit stating that on July 30, 2005, the plaintiff was diagnosed with cholecystitis and admitted to the defendant Shangqiu Third People's Hospital for treatment. On August 2 of the same year, the plaintiff underwent cholecystectomy. Due to the defendant's incorrect diagnosis and treatment of the plaintiff, the plaintiff became unconscious. During the rescue period, due to a power outage in the ward and the defendant's lack of emergency measures for power outage, the plaintiff was in a persistent vegetative state due to cerebral hypoxia, resulting in a first degree disability. For this reason, the plaintiff went to Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Shangqiu * * * People's Hospital for treatment, and spent hundreds of thousands of yuan on medical expenses. However, the plaintiff's persistent vegetative state is irreversible. The current situation and various losses of the plaintiff are all caused by the defendant's medical negligence. In order to protect the plaintiff's legitimate rights and interests, the plaintiff has filed a lawsuit with the court to request that the defendant compensate a total of 520000 yuan for medical expenses, loss of work expenses, nursing expenses, transportation expenses, hospitalization meal subsidies, nutrition expenses, disability compensation, emotional distress compensation, rehabilitation expenses, appraisal fees, and other expenses.The defendant, the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, argued that: (1) the plaintiff has no factual and legal basis to prove that the defendant was at fault during its diagnosis and treatment process. The plaintiff should first undergo a medical accident appraisal, determine the hospital's responsibility, and then conduct a judicial causal relationship appraisal. (2) Power outage is a fact, but whether it occurs or not is not under the control of the hospital. The power department should be added as the defendant, and the power outage causing brain hypoxia and the plaintiff's vegetative state is not a * * * * reason. Based on this, the people's court should dismiss the plaintiff's lawsuit request in accordance with the law.After trial, the People's Court of Liangyuan District, Shangqiu City found that on the evening of July 30, 2005, the plaintiff was hospitalized for treatment at the defendant Shangqiu Third People's Hospital due to abdominal pain, and was diagnosed with cholecystitis. On August 2 of the same year, he underwent cholecystectomy and developed a coma after the surgery. At around 4am on August 5th, during the rescue period, the ward suddenly experienced a power outage. Due to the defendant's inadequate emergency measures, the plaintiff suffered from prolonged brain hypoxia, resulting in sustained vegetative damage to brain nerve cells. The plaintiff was hospitalized at the defendant's office until August 10, 2005, and incurred medical expenses of 25337.51 yuan. On the same day, he was transferred to Henan Provincial People's Hospital for inpatient treatment, and was hospitalized until August 29th of the same year, with a medical expense of 65231.5 yuan. The diagnostic opinion in the diagnosis certificate issued by Henan Provincial People's Hospital is: the patient has multiple organ failure, septic shock, and postoperative acute suppurative cholecystitis. The treatment process and treatment suggestion are as follows: it is recommended to return to the local hospital for further formal treatment after automatic discharge, continue to resist infection, protect the kidneys, improve brain metabolism, improve cerebral blood flow, and promote awakening treatment. The plaintiff was transferred to * * * People's Hospital in Shangqiu City for hospitalization and treatment on the day of discharge from Henan Provincial People's Hospital, and was hospitalized until November 21 of the same year. In addition, a total of 49663.9 yuan was paid for medical expenses during the defendant's treatment period at the * * * People's Hospital in Shangqiu City. The diagnostic opinion in the diagnosis certificate issued by the * * * People's Hospital of Shangqiu City is: hypoxic brain damage and vegetative state. The treatment process and suggestions include: strengthening nursing, accompanying 2 people, passive limb exercise, preventing muscle atrophy, medication treatment, etc. The plaintiff was hospitalized three times for 111 days. During the plaintiff's hospitalization, a subsidy of 7090 yuan was provided for medication expenses due to treatment needs. After discharge, the expenditure on purchased rehabilitation drugs was 1446 yuan, and transportation expenses were paid at 2020 yuan. The plaintiff has not yet recovered. The appraisal conclusion of the Jingjiu Judicial Appraisal Center in Shangqiu City is that the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City had a series of faults and defects in the diagnosis and treatment of Jia Jinglan's cholecystectomy, which is directly related to the serious adverse consequences of Jia Jinglan's "persistent vegetative state" (vegetative person) constituting a level 1 disability. The plaintiff sued this court for compensation based on the defendant's serious negligence during the treatment process, resulting in a dispute. In the lawsuit, the defendant applied to the People's Court to entrust the Medical Association to conduct a medical accident appraisal. The plaintiff failed to cooperate on the grounds that they had already conducted a causal relationship judicial appraisal and fulfilled their burden of proof, resulting in the termination of the medical accident technical appraisal.It was also found that the monthly salary income of nursing staff Jia Xiangmin was 1972 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents in Henan Province in 2005 was 8667.97 yuan.TrialAfter the trial by the People's Court of Liangyuan District, it was found that the plaintiff's sudden power outage in the ward during the defendant's hospitalization was an objective fact, and the defendant recognized it. Based on the judicial appraisal certificate issued by the Jingjiu Judicial Appraisal Center in Shangqiu, combined with the diagnostic certificates from Henan Provincial People's Hospital and * * * People's Hospital in Shangqiu City, it is sufficient to determine that due to a sudden power outage in the ward, the ventilator used by the plaintiff could not work for a long time, and the defendant did not take emergency measures in a timely manner, resulting in brain hypoxia and damage to the plaintiff's brain nerve cells in a vegetative state, constituting a level 1 disability. The plaintiff was hospitalized for treatment at the defendant's place due to illness, and the defendant has an obligation to ensure the plaintiff's personal safety. During the plaintiff's coma rescue period, the defendant should know that emergency equipment, such as power outages, will have serious adverse consequences on the plaintiff's life and health. The defendant should have prepared emergency equipment but failed to act, which is a gross negligence. The plaintiff shall bear civil liability for serious personal injury caused by the defendant's gross negligence during the treatment process. Therefore, the plaintiff's demand for compensation for medical expenses and other losses from the defendant complies with legal provisions, and this court supports it. The medical expenses are calculated based on receipts as 25337.51 yuan+65231.5 yuan+49663.9 yuan+7090 yuan+1446 yuan=148768.91 yuan. The disability compensation is 8667.97 yuan/year x 16 years=138687.52 yuan. Jia Xiangmin's nursing delay fee is 1972 yuan/month ÷ 30 days x 111 days=7296.4 yuan. The cost of nursing delay for another relative is 8667.92 yuan/year ÷ 365 days x 111 days=2636 yuan. The nutrition fee is 888 yuan for 111 days x 8 yuan/day, and the hospitalization meal allowance is 111 days x 10 yuan/day=1110 yuan. Compensation of 1500 yuan for transportation expenses is discretionary. Considering the defendant's degree of fault, economic ability to bear responsibility, and extremely serious consequences caused to the plaintiff in this case, which have caused tremendous mental and physical pain and torture to the plaintiff, it is appropriate for the defendant to compensate the plaintiff with a compensation of 50000 yuan for mental damages. The total amount of the above items is 350886.83 yuan.The People's Court of Liangyuan District, Shangqiu City, in accordance with Article 106 (2) and Article 119 of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, as well as Article * * of the Notice of the High People's Court on the Trial of Civil Cases of Medical Disputes with Reference to the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents, has made the following judgment:1、 The defendant, the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, shall compensate the plaintiff Jia Jinglan with a total of 350886.83 yuan in medical expenses, disability compensation, nursing expenses, transportation expenses, nutrition expenses, hospitalization meal subsidies, and mental distress compensation within 15 days from the effective date of the judgment.2、 The acceptance fee for this case is 10210 yuan, other fees are 3060 yuan, appraisal fee is 3000 yuan, the defendant bears 13270 yuan, and the plaintiff bears 3000 yuan.After the first instance judgment was made, the defendant Shangqiu Third People's Hospital appealed against it, stating that the facts determined in the original trial were unclear, the evidence was insufficient, and the judgment was inappropriate. They requested the second instance court to revoke the original judgment and change the judgment to reject Jia Jinglan's lawsuit request. The reason is: 1. Judicial appraisal was unilaterally entrusted by the appellant, and its procedure violated the rules of evidence. The content of judicial appraisal is illegal, and the appraisers do not have medical appraisal qualifications. The original trial found that the judicial appraisal did not exceed the scope of appraisal and was incorrect. 2. The first instance erroneously cited an analysis opinion from a judicial appraisal that did not qualify for medical appraisal, confirming that the respondent was in a vegetative state due to inadequate emergency measures taken by the appellant, resulting in prolonged hypoxia. This case requires medical accident appraisal. In the first instance, the appellant applied for medical accident appraisal, but due to the lack of cooperation of the respondent, it could not be carried out, and the respondent should bear the adverse legal consequences. 3. The evidence of the compensation amount is insufficient. The first instance judgment determined that the diagnosis certificate submitted by the appellant indicated the need for two people's care, but the appellant did not see the explanation. The original trial confirmed the other person's care expenses; The fee bill submitted by the appellant is the cost of treating their own illness and should not be included in the compensation amount; The documents for the respondent's purchase of drugs and devices should not be protected because the documents themselves do not have legality; The transportation fees and train tickets submitted by the appellant do not specify their purpose and are not within the scope of compensation; The nursing staff salary certificate provided by the respondent is a stamped and then written certificate, and it is also a certificate from the personnel department; The Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents stipulate that the compensation for mental distress caused by disability shall be calculated for three years, while the first instance judgment of 50000 yuan lacks basis.After trial by the Intermediate People's Court of Shangqiu City, Henan Province, it was found that Jia Jinglan was hospitalized at the defendant Shangqiu Third People's Hospital for treatment of abdominal pain and underwent cholecystectomy. After the surgery, she developed a coma and eventually developed a vegetative state. The evidence is sufficient and can be confirmed. Except for Jia Jinglan's preoperative examination expenses of 1500 yuan and some purchased drugs expenses of 1056 yuan, which should not be compensated by the defendant, the rest believe that the first instance viewpoint is correct and the judgment is appropriate. According to the provisions of Article 153, Paragraph (1) and (3) of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, the Civil Judgment of the People's Court of Liangyuan (2006) Shangliang Minchu No. 188 is amended as follows: The Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City shall compensate Jia Jinglan with a total of RMB 348330.83 for medical expenses, disability compensation, transportation expenses, nursing expenses, nutrition expenses, hospitalization meal subsidies, and mental injury compensation within 15 days from the effective date of this judgment. The first instance case acceptance fee is 10210 yuan, other fees are 3060 yuan, and the appraisal fee is 3000 yuan. The Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City will bear 13000 yuan, and Jia Jinglan will bear 3270 yuan. The second instance litigation cost is 13270 yuan, which will be borne by the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City at 13000 yuan and by Jia Jinglan at 270 yuan.[Analysis]1、 The application of laws and regulations in the determination of medical accident liabilityAt present, the regulations on the determination of liability for medical accidents in China can be roughly divided into two different principles of attribution, as well as two different legal and regulatory systems formed under the influence of the aforementioned principles of attribution. One is the "accident theory" and the "Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents" that emerged under the influence of this main viewpoint. The "accident theory" emphasizes that after a medical dispute occurs, patients must first obtain a medical accident appraisal before they can sue the hospital for compensation. Otherwise, the court should not accept the medical accident appraisal as a prerequisite for initiating the judicial compensation procedure. The Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents basically adopt the perspective of "accident theory", stipulating that "if it does not belong to a medical accident, medical institutions shall not be liable for compensation.". The second is the "fault theory" and the judicial interpretation of the "Notice on the Trial of Medical Dispute Civil Cases with Reference to the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents" that emerged under the influence of this main viewpoint. The theory of fault emphasizes that the standard for measuring civil liability for compensation for personal infringement damages is whether the actor is subjectively at fault, rather than an accident. That is, if the hospital cannot provide evidence of the lack of causal relationship and fault between medical behavior and damage results in the lawsuit, it should bear the legal consequences of losing the lawsuit. The judicial interpretation basically adopts the perspective of "fault theory", which stipulates that for medical compensation disputes caused by medical accidents that occur after the implementation of the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents, if sued in court, the compensation liability shall be determined by referring to the compensation principles, scope, and calculation methods stipulated in the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents. Other medical compensation disputes arising from reasons other than medical accidents shall be governed by the provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law. It is not difficult to see that there are two distinct perspectives and understandings in dealing with medical disputes.The author believes that only those who believe that medical accidents can be accepted by the people's court as medical injury compensation cases; The viewpoint and understanding that medical institutions do not assume compensation responsibility if it does not constitute a medical accident, and the people's court cannot accept it as a medical injury compensation case, is both theoretically and practically incorrect. This is because, firstly, the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents focus on the administrative handling and supervision of medical accidents, and belong to the administrative procedural norms for medical administrative departments to handle medical accidents. According to the provisions of China's Legislative Law, the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents, as an administrative regulation, have no authority to regulate the trial work of people's courts on the compensation responsibility for medical accidents. Secondly, although the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents also stipulate the corresponding civil liability for damages that medical institutions should bear due to medical accidents, this regulation does not belong to the norms of civil substantive law and is purely an administrative legal norm. Medical injury compensation cases are not limited to medical accident damages, but should also include non accident medical damages that do not constitute medical accidents, but according to legal provisions, medical institutions should bear responsibility. Thirdly, according to the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents, if a medical accident is constituted, the medical institution shall bear the liability for compensation; Medical institutions shall not be liable for compensation if it does not constitute a medical accident. It simply defines medical disputes as medical accidents, excluding medical errors that do not constitute medical accidents and non medical accidents from the scope of medical compensation. This obviously goes against the basic legal principle of civil law that "citizens and legal persons who, due to their fault, infringe upon the property of the state or collective, and infringe upon the property and personal of others, shall bear civil liability.". Therefore, the application of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China and the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China by the two levels of people's courts in the trial of the case is in line with the current legal spirit and basic judicial concepts in China.2、 On the Recognition of the Facts and Responsibilities of Medical ErrorsThe two levels of people's courts, based on the judicial appraisal certificate issued by the Shangqiu Jingjiu Judicial Appraisal Center, combined with the diagnosis certificates of Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Shangqiu * * People's Hospital, have determined the fact that Jia Jinglan was hospitalized for abdominal pain at the defendant Shangqiu Third People's Hospital, underwent cholecystectomy, and developed coma after the surgery, ultimately leading to a vegetative state. They also believe that due to a sudden power outage in the ward, the plaintiff's ventilator could not work for a long time, and the defendant did not take emergency measures in a timely manner, resulting in brain hypoxia and damage to the plaintiff's brain nerve cells in a vegetative state, constituting a level 1 disability. The evidence is sufficient and can be confirmed. The author believes that the determination of the facts and the acceptance of evidence by the two levels of people's courts in this case are in line with relevant legal provisions in China and are correct.Medical accident technical appraisal, according to its legal attributes, is a conclusion drawn by the Medical Accident Appraisal Committee on whether the medical department has gross negligence in medical behavior. The conclusion of medical accident technical appraisal is the basis for health administrative organs to handle medical accident disputes. However, if it involves civil damage compensation litigation, whether to bear civil liability is not necessarily related to the conclusion of medical accident technical appraisal. Therefore, medical accident technical appraisal is not the only basis for the People's Court to hear medical dispute cases. In other words, "the conclusion of medical accident technical appraisal is only evidence for the people's court to review and determine the facts of the case. Whether it is used as the basis for determining the medical unit's liability for compensation should be cross examined by the court.".***Article 28 of the "Several Provisions on Evidence in Civil Litigation" of the Supreme People's Court stipulates: "If one party entrusts a relevant department to make an appraisal conclusion on their own, and the other party has sufficient evidence to refute and apply for re appraisal, the people's court shall allow it.". This regulation clarifies that the parties have the right to unilaterally entrust relevant departments to conduct appraisal. Although the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City has raised objections to the judicial appraisal conclusion, it has not provided sufficient reasons and evidence to refute it in the first and second trials of this case. Therefore, the first instance court's failure to approve its application for re appraisal does not violate legal provisions. This case belongs to a medical negligence compensation dispute. According to the provisions of the Notice of the * * * High People's Court on the Trial of Civil Cases of Medical Disputes with Reference to the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents, medical accident appraisal is not necessary, but judicial appraisal can be conducted. The Shangqiu Jingjiu Judicial Appraisal Center holds a judicial appraisal license issued by the Henan Provincial Department of Justice and has the qualification for judicial appraisal. The judicial appraisal license shows that its appraisal business scope includes forensic appraisal, forensic pathological appraisal, and other aspects. Regarding whether Jia Jinglan was at fault with the hospital during his hospitalization at the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City and the relationship with Jia Jinglan's adverse consequences, as well as whether the appraisal conclusion made by Jia Jinglan's current disability assessment did not exceed his professional scope, and all three appraisers have clinical appraisal qualifications. The appraisal process is legal. For medical disputes between doctors and patients, there is no explicit legal provision that medical accident identification must be carried out first, followed by causal relationship judicial identification. Therefore, the application for medical accident appraisal requested by the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City in the second instance lacks legal basis, and the failure to conduct appraisal does not affect the outcome of this case. The court's refusal to allow it is also in accordance with the above legal provisions. The Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City did not provide evidence that the appraisal conclusion was indeed incorrect. Therefore, the legal validity of the judicial appraisal conclusion should be confirmed and can be used as the basis for the determination of this case. The two-level people's court has determined that the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City committed gross negligence in the diagnosis and treatment process of Jia Jinglan, which is objective and truthful, and the evidence is sufficient.3、 Can the power outage behavior of the power sector be a reason for medical exemption, and should the power sector be added as the defendant***The Notice of the High People's Court on the Trial of Civil Cases of Medical Disputes with Reference to the Regulations on the Handling of Medical Accidents stipulates that if a medical compensation dispute arises from a medical accident after the implementation of the regulations and is brought to the court, it shall be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the regulations; Other medical compensation disputes arising from reasons other than medical accidents shall be governed by the provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law. Article 2 of this notice stipulates that in civil trials, if the people's court decides to conduct judicial appraisal of medical accidents based on the application of the parties or their authority, the appraisal shall be organized by the medical association as stipulated in the regulations. If other medical compensation disputes arising from reasons other than medical accidents require judicial appraisal, the appraisal shall be organized in accordance with the Regulations on the Administration of Judicial Appraisal Entrusted by People's Courts to Foreign Parties. According to general practice, in the event of a doctor-patient dispute, the first step is to conduct a medical accident appraisal. If it does not constitute a medical accident, then a judicial causal relationship appraisal is conducted.Based on this case, * * *, the plaintiff's cause of action is a medical negligence compensation dispute; Secondly, during the rescue process, the plaintiff suffered from a power outage in the hospital, resulting in cerebral hypoxia and vegetative state, which is not a medical behavior, and the provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law should be applied. In the lawsuit, the defendant, the Third People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, applied for medical accident appraisal. The plaintiff, Jia Jinglan, refused to cooperate as she had fulfilled her burden of proof, resulting in the termination of the medical accident appraisal. However, the defendant did not raise substantial objections to the judicial appraisal certificate issued by the Shangqiu Jingjiu Judicial Appraisal Center before the original complaint and did not apply for re appraisal. According to the spirit of Article 28 of the Several Provisions on Evidence in Civil Litigation issued by the * * * High People's Court, if one party entrusts the relevant department to make an appraisal conclusion on their own, and the other party has no evidence to refute and apply for re appraisal, the people's court shall accept it. Thirdly, in case of medical disputes between doctors and patients, if there is no explicit legal provision, medical accident appraisal must be conducted first, followed by judicial appraisal of causal relationships. Therefore, the conclusion of judicial causal relationship appraisal should be accepted.In this case, the hospital argued that the power outage was not under the hospital's control and that the reason for adding the power department as the defendant was not accepted by the court. This is because in the event of a doctor-patient dispute, the patient's counterpart is a medical institution and not the same legal relationship as the power department. Moreover, the patient is in a coma rescue period, and the hospital should be aware that if the rescue equipment encounters unexpected reasons such as power outage, it will have serious adverse consequences on the patient's life and health. It should be equipped with emergency equipment. In this case, the hospital's failure to provide emergency equipment was a gross negligence. Therefore, patients who cause serious harm to their personal health due to the hospital's gross negligence during the treatment process should bear civil liability.

05/212018

Research Report on Lawyer's Trademark Business

  Ma Xiang, Intellectual Property Committee of the All China Lawyers AssociationTable of contents***Analysis of the Important Role of Trademark in Social and Economic Development1、 Trademarks have penetrated into various aspects of social life2、 The trademark recognition function is more prominent, and the trademark recognition function creates profits for enterprises3、 Trademark management is a high realm of enterprise operation4、 Trademark is the primary asset of a company5、 Cultivating well-known trademarks is one of the two core contents of the national intellectual property strategy and a good strategy for transforming China's economic development modeChapter 2 Analysis of the Current Situation of Trademark Legal Services in China1、 The volume of trademark legal services in China is huge2、 The overall level of trademark legal services in China is low3、 Lawyers have not become the leading force in trademark legal servicesChapter 3 Comprehensive Analysis of Lawyers' Ability and Responsibility to Provide Trademark Legal Services1、 The necessity for lawyers to engage in trademark legal services2、 The possibility of lawyers providing trademark legal services3、 Lawyers have obvious advantages in providing trademark legal services4、 Internationally, trademark legal services are primarily provided by lawyers5、 Lawyers engaged in trademark agency business have broken down barriers6、 Chinese lawyers have accumulated certain experience in trademark legal servicesChapter 4 Analysis of the Prospects of Lawyers Engaging in Trademark Legal Services1、 The volume of trademark legal services in China is huge and continues to grow2、 Lawyer * * * entering the field of trademark legal services will increase the volume of trademark business3、 Lawyers will undoubtedly become the main force in trademark legal servicesChapter 5 How Lawyers Can Do a Good Job in Trademark Legal Services1、 Lawyers need to practice their internal skills well2、 Please have the Ministry of Justice vigorously promote, provide policy support, organize and coordinate, strengthen supervision, and safeguard rights and interests3、 Please promote, support, and encourage the National Bar Association4、 Guidance, training, and standardization of trademark business by the National Lawyers and Intellectual Property CommissionChapter 6 The Importance of Lawyers Providing Good Trademark Legal Services1、 Beneficial for the implementation of the national intellectual property strategy, serving the transformation of the country's economic development mode, and building an innovative country2、 Beneficial for lawyers to serve agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, and can have a good social effect3、 It is conducive to reflecting the positive role of the Ministry of Justice in guiding lawyers to serve the national intellectual property strategy and serve the national economic construction.4、 It is conducive to improving the efficiency of trademark authorities and courts, reducing case backlog, and improving the quality of case trials.5、 It is conducive to promoting the expansion of lawyer business, expanding the influence of lawyers, and improving the social status of lawyers.***The significant role of trademarks in social and economic development1、 Trademarks have penetrated into various aspects of social lifeChina has had the "White Rabbit" trademark since the Song Dynasty, and there were also well-known trademarks during the * * * period. Before the reform and opening up, due to China's implementation of a planned economy, trademarks had no place to be used. It was not until the promulgation of the Trademark Law in 1983 that the number of trademark applications in China gradually increased. Nowadays, trademarks are closely related to our lives, from the watches we see when we wake up in the morning, the cars we drive to work, various stationery used in the office, to the food seasonings for dinner, all have trademarks. Someone once calculated that people deal with at least hundreds of trademarks in a day, and trademarks have fully integrated into our lives. For this reason, people have expressed the emotion of "what will happen to the world if humanity loses its trademark"!2、 The trademark recognition function is more prominent, and the trademark recognition function creates profits for enterprisesFaced with a dazzling array of products in the market, trademarks enable us to identify and shop, and select satisfactory products in a short period of time, saving us valuable time. The original recognition function of trademarks plays a crucial role in this process.With the advancement of science and technology, commodity production has become almost intelligent. Not only is the variety and quantity of commodities extremely abundant, but also commodities are becoming increasingly homogeneous. With the rapid development of transportation, communication, Internet, and logistics, domestic and international markets have been formed. The emergence of large malls, supermarkets, and shopping centers has made it possible for consumers to shop around three or even a hundred, and the identification role of trademarks has become more prominent.With the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of purchasing power, when consumers choose goods, they are not only satisfied with the physical functions of the goods, but also pay more attention to the connotation expressed by the trademark of the goods. Wearing Armani suits can reflect identity and status. Chanel perfume is used to prove taste. "Armani" and "Chanel" trademarks fully commend consumers. In addition to traditional recognition functions, trademarks also have a new function, which is the recognition function. According to an experiment conducted by Stanford University in the United States, when two identical fries were placed in front of children, one bag was labeled with the M trademark and the other bag was not labeled with any trademark. 77% of children chose fries labeled with the M trademark and believed that fries with the M trademark were more delicious. Based on the recognition function of trademarks, consumers are not only willing to pay for the goods themselves, but also willing to pay for the trademark. The commendation function of visible trademarks can not only create profits for enterprises, but also create high profits.3、 Trademark is the primary asset of a companyIn the era of commodities, due to the scarcity of goods, the factories and equipment of enterprises play a decisive role. In the era of capital, enterprises with strong funds can be in a favorable position, and investment and financing are extremely important. In modern society, entering the knowledge-based era, intellectual property rights such as trademarks, * * *, and copyrights determine the survival and development of enterprises.Every enterprise may not necessarily have * * * and copyright, but it should have a trademark. The trademark has been accompanying the growth and development of the enterprise since its establishment, and the reputation, popularity, technological advantages, product quality, advertising and promotion of the enterprise are all accumulated on the trademark****** An additional 20 years of protection and only 50 years of copyright, but as long as the trademark is continuously renewed, it can obtain permanent protection and become more valuable as used. In the 2010 Hurun China Brand List, "China Mobile" ranked * * * with a brand value of 267 billion yuan (see Annex 1). In 2010, Wal Mart ranked among the top 500 BrandFinance global brands with a brand value of 41.365 billion US dollars (see Annex II). It can be seen that the value of trademarks has far exceeded the value of tangible assets, becoming the primary asset of enterprises.Trademarks are an important productivity of enterprises, and they can generate profits for enterprises, especially in fast-moving consumer goods industries such as food and clothing. Trademarks are the source of profits for enterprises, which not only determine their development, but also influence their survival. In the high-tech industry, trademarks also play an extremely important role, such as Facebook's operation of the "Facebook" trademark, which is recognized as one of the key factors for its success; Apple's iPhone, iPad, iPod and other series of products have been selling well worldwide thanks to its successful trademark application*** The recent hype over Apple's "iPad" trademark incident has highlighted the value of the trademark by Shenzhen Vipshop, which claims to have Apple compensate 10 billion yuan in the United States.4、 Trademark management is a high realm of enterprise operationThe commendation function of a trademark determines that it can create excess profits for the enterprise. When enterprises enter a stable period in terms of product quality, technology, management, etc., but encounter development bottlenecks, trademark operation often becomes the best way for enterprises to achieve breakthroughs. The successful experience of well-known enterprises in developed Western countries fully confirms that trademark management is the highest level of enterprise operation. The core content of trademark management is to endow a trademark with specific cultural connotations through long-term systematic engineering such as advertising, enhance the recognition function of the trademark, arouse consumers to purchase goods marked with the trademark, make consumers willing to pay a high exchange price for the trademark, and thus obtain high profits for the enterprise. For example, Coca Cola Company has endowed the "Coca Cola" trademark with the recognition function of "vitality, passion, creation, and enjoyment", and continuously strengthened it. Using brown beverages as carriers, it has gained rich profits worldwide, enabling the enterprise to develop in a long-term and healthy manner, achieving its century long legend.5、 Creating and cultivating well-known trademarks is a good strategy to transform China's economic development modeThe number of well-known trademarks in a country often reflects its economic strength and competitiveness to a certain extent. Famous trademarks are the wealth of a country, as they can occupy larger markets or even monopolize them. Countries with world-renowned trademarks often occupy an advantageous position in international competition.China has fully recognized the important role of trademarks in social and economic life, and the importance of creating and cultivating well-known trademarks for the country. In the National Intellectual Property Strategy Outline issued in 2008, encouraging the creation and cultivation of well-known brands was included as two core contents. In order to effectively implement the strategy of cultivating well-known trademarks, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce has formulated the National Trademark Strategy, identified demonstration cities and enterprises for trademark strategy, and actively carried out trademark strategy work in various provinces, cities, industries, and enterprises. Trademark work has become a major event in China's social and economic life.In 2010, in the BrandFinance Global Brand Value 500 list, there were no Chinese companies in the top 10. Among the top 100, only 3 Chinese companies were shortlisted (see Annex 3), which is clearly disproportionate to China's second largest economy in the world. For a long time, Chinese enterprises have not made brand profits, but have worked for world-renowned trademark enterprises, utilizing China's mineral resources and human resources, and even paying the price of high pollution to make small profits. According to an article in the Intellectual Property Daily, most world-renowned * * products are manufactured in China, labeled with world-renowned brands, and then sold to Chinese people. The foreign trademark owners make excess profits after * * *. 80% -90% of China's export products use foreign trademarks or no trademarks. 90% of Chinese joint ventures use foreign trademarks, and 90% of the Chinese beverage industry uses foreign trademarks. Even for well-known domestic enterprises such as Changhong, TCL, and Konka, 89% of exports must be labeled with foreign trademarks. Therefore, in transforming its economic development model, China particularly emphasizes the need to create and cultivate its own well-known trademarks, produce and sell branded goods, earn brand profits, and change the world's factory situation. It can be seen that trademarks will play a greater role in the new economic situation.Chapter 2 Analysis of the Current Situation of Trademark Legal Services in China1、 The volume of trademark legal services in China is hugeAs of the end of 2010, China had a total of 8.295 million trademark registration applications, 5.628 million registered trademarks, and 4.604 million valid registered trademarks, all of which ranked among the world's * * *. The number of trademark applications and registrations in China is increasing at a rate of over 20% every year. In 2010, the number of trademark applications in China reached 1.072 million, a year-on-year increase of 29.1%, ranking first in the world for nine consecutive years. (See Attachment 4)In 2010, there were over 100000 trademark changes, renewals, transfers, and licensing contracts; There are over 100000 trademark disputes, including trademark objections, revocations, reexaminations, and disputes; More than 50000 trademark administrative complaints; 43596 trademark infringement cases; 2828 first instance cases of trademark administrative rights confirmation.As of June 30, 2011, the number of trademark registration applications was 604855 million, an increase of 34.84% compared to the same period last year. It is expected to reach a new high throughout the year, exceeding 1.4 million. According to the statistics of the Trademark Office, 92.1% of trademark applications are represented by agency agencies.Currently, there are over 5 million registered trademarks in our country, with at least 50000 applications for renewal and around 50000 applications for change each year. Among the over 5 million registered trademarks, there are several hundred thousand main trademarks of large-scale enterprises, and monitoring and raising objections to them also generates a significant amount of business.The trademark legal service business is not only large in volume, but also covers nearly 40 types of service projects (see Annex 5).According to preliminary statistics from China Intellectual Property Daily, the annual agency fees for trademark application and other agency services in China alone reach 5 billion yuan. The agency fees for trademark protection and anti-counterfeiting, civil infringement, consulting and consulting, monitoring and other services are not lower than those for trademark application and other agency fees. Therefore, the estimated agency fees for trademark legal services in China are currently over 10 billion yuan.After the lawyer * * * intervenes in trademark business and the fees become more reasonable, the fee standards will be significantly increased, and the income from trademark business will definitely be considerable at that time.It is precisely based on the huge trademark legal service market in China that as of August 30, 2011, there were 6572 trademark agencies in China, and 900 new ones were added from January to August 2011. However, the total agency volume of the top ten trademark application agencies is less than 8%, indicating that the competition in trademark agency business has not yet formed a monopoly, and lawyers still have the opportunity (see Annex 6).2、 The overall level of trademark legal services in China is lowThe trademark agency business in our country began in the early 1990s. At that time, the agency agencies were mainly public institutions under the industrial and commercial bureaus of various provinces, cities, and economically developed regions and cities. Most of the employees were staff from the original trademark offices and departments of the industrial and commercial bureaus. Their legal service experience and level were not high, and they could only handle simple trademark applications and trademark rights disputes.After 2003, the State Council abolished the administrative approval for trademark agency and opened up the business of trademark agency. Trademark agency agencies grew rapidly like mushrooms after rain, from 147 in 2002 to 5678 in 2010 (see Annex 7). Although the quantity has increased, the quality is still uneven. Consulting companies, newspapers, advertising agencies, matchmaking agencies, and even shoe and car repair workers also work part-time as trademark agents.There is almost no threshold for trademark agency, and practitioners are mixed with good and bad. Unfair competition, violation of professional ethics, one hand supporting two people, illegal transfer of customer trademarks, malicious objection, forging of trademark acceptance notices, collection of customer official fees and agency fees, and human evaporation often occur. There is no way for customers to complain, and the trademark authority and trademark association agent branch are also helpless because there are no regulatory laws, regulations, or rules. Customers can only sit quietly at the entrance of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Fake evidence and official seals have caused headaches for the Trademark Office and commercial judges. The backlog of a large number of cases by the Trademark Office and the judges is closely related to the low level of non-standard trademark legal services.Due to the low service level and lack of experience of most trademark agency companies, they can only attract customers by reducing agency fees. Before 2003, the agency fee for each trademark application was around 1000 yuan, which was much lower than the international average agency fee of about $2000. At present, the agency fee for each trademark application has been reduced to 200 yuan by many agency companies, and even as low as 50 yuan. Administrative litigation for trademark rights confirmation is a high-level, sophisticated, and cutting-edge business of trademark business, and agency companies only charge around 2000 yuan for such cases, far below the cost price. The level of service can be imagined. In a solemn court, such agents cannot even answer the plaintiff's name and place of residence smoothly, seriously affecting judicial efficiency.Of course, among many agency companies, there are indeed a few that have been established for a long time, high service levels, and rich experience. However, it should be emphasized that most of these agency companies are serving foreign customers. When the agents of domestic enterprises encounter them, they are not a heavyweight at all, which is very detrimental to the maintenance of the interests of domestic enterprises.In short, the chaotic situation in the trademark agency industry has seriously damaged the interests of customers, increased the workload for trademark administrative and judicial authorities, and seriously affected efficiency. The overall low level of trademark legal services in our country has created obstacles to the development of our trademark industry and the implementation of intellectual property strategies, to the point where governance is necessary. Otherwise, it will have a negative impact on our social and economic development, transformation of economic development mode, and participation in international competition.3、 Lawyers have not become the leading force in trademark legal servicesAt present, most trademark legal services in China are represented by agency companies, and lawyers have not yet become the main force in trademark legal services. The reason analysis is as follows:1. There have always been obstacles for lawyers to engage in trademark agency businessTrademark agency business is the foundation of other trademark legal services. Only by providing good trademark agency services or having rich experience in trademark agency can we better engage in other trademark legal services. However, for a long time, lawyers have been excluded from trademark agency business and cannot provide * * * trademark legal services, which seriously affects the development of lawyer trademark business.2. Insufficient understanding of the important role of trademarks and trademark legal services by lawyersDue to the fact that lawyers do not engage in trademark agency business, they fail to recognize the commendation function of trademarks and overlook the important role of trademarks in a market economy.Lawyers have always mistakenly believed that trademark legal services are simple and not what lawyers should do. In fact, there are many types of trademark business, complex procedures, and a large amount of evidence. Various rights conflicts, trademark approximations, and the scope of trademark protection are all dynamic, providing lawyers with space to play a role.3. Low fees for trademark legal servicesThe level of trademark legal services is complex, the cycle is too long, the amount of evidence is large, and many rights conflicts are involved. Lawyers have a large workload, but their income is low, and most of them use risk agency. The investment and income of lawyers are not proportional, and young lawyers are unwilling to do trademark business in order to survive. Many high-quality lawyers, even those who study intellectual property, give up trademark business.Chapter 3 Comprehensive Analysis of Lawyers' Ability and Responsibility to Provide Trademark Legal Services1、 The necessity for lawyers to engage in trademark legal servicesTrademark is a tool for enterprises to obtain profits, and enterprises need to receive a large amount of important legal services in the process of creating, using, managing, and protecting trademarks. The duty of a lawyer is to serve the clients and seek to maximize their interests. Lawyers cannot stand idly by when it comes to the demand for corporate trademark legal services. Lawyers, as long-term or specialized legal advisors for enterprises, also have the responsibility to assist enterprises in using trademarks to obtain greater benefits for the enterprise. They may not provide or fail to provide trademark services, and may not be competent in providing legal services for modern enterprises. Engaging in trademark legal services not only expands the professional field of lawyers, enabling them to provide intellectual property legal services and increase income, but also contributes to the implementation of the national intellectual property strategy and the transformation of economic growth. It is very necessary for lawyers to provide good trademark legal services.2、 The possibility of lawyers providing trademark legal servicesTrademark business belongs to legal services. Is it legal for enterprises to use and apply for trademark registration? Is there a conflict with prior rights? Review and administrative litigation after trademark rejection; After the successful registration of a trademark, there are legal issues related to the administrative, civil, and criminal protection of exclusive rights, such as providing evidence to prove legal facts and applying the law.Lawyers are professionals engaged in legal services and undoubtedly have the possibility of providing trademark legal services. Compared to * * * business, lawyers are more likely to engage in trademark business. Trademarks do not have a professional threshold for lawyers, and lawyers have more opportunities to interact with enterprises and have a better understanding of them. In trademark business, it is often necessary to provide evidence to prove the time and popularity of trademark use, and engaging in such work is the expertise of lawyers. Especially in cases such as trademark administrative rights confirmation, trademark disputes, and trademark exclusive rights protection, legal representation is more suitable. Therefore, trademarks are the main aspect of a lawyer's intellectual property business, and lawyers are better able to grow rapidly and achieve results in this area.3、 Lawyers have obvious advantages in providing trademark legal servicesCompared with trademark agents, lawyers have higher legal literacy, proficient legal service skills, * * * litigation skills, and comprehensive service capabilities. We have every reason to believe that lawyers can do a good job in trademark business, and we also have every reason to believe that lawyers do better than trademark agents. Many trademark agency companies claim to have many lawyers, and trademark agents also claim to be lawyers, which proves that lawyers have more advantages than trademark agents. Moreover, lawyers have a strong sense of professional ethics and norms. Lawyers generally do not handle tasks such as supporting two families and forging evidence, otherwise they will ruin their jobs. If the interests of clients are harmed, they can file a complaint with the Judicial Bureau or the Lawyers Association. The competent department will punish lawyers in accordance with relevant provisions of laws, regulations, and rules such as the Lawyers Law. If there is any liability such as compensation, customers do not need to worry. In addition to the joint liability of law firm partners, there is also lawyer's practice insurance as protection. Therefore, considering the professional level, regulatory methods, and customer interest protection of lawyers, it is not only possible but also has obvious advantages for lawyers to engage in trademark business.4、 Internationally, trademark legal services are primarily provided by lawyersTrademarks are an important means for developed countries to gain global benefits, so they attach great importance to trademarks. Multinational companies not only have a few or even dozens of full-time trademark lawyers, but also need to hire * * * trademark lawyers to assist in difficult and complex trademark cases. Siemens in Germany has over thirty trademark lawyers, and there is a specialized trademark lawyer association in the UK, which demonstrates the uniqueness of trademark lawyers in the legal community. Trademark legal services in developed countries such as the United States are mainly provided by lawyers, with the focus on formulating and implementing corporate trademark strategies and strategies. Trademark litigation is in a secondary position, and foreign trademark lawyers are playing an increasingly important role in the decision-making and operation of enterprises.5、 The barrier for lawyers to engage in trademark agency business has been broken downTrademark legal services are of great significance to enterprises, society, and the country. Lawyers are the best choice for trademark legal services, but for a long time, lawyers have been excluded from trademark agency business. In recent years, with the efforts of the Ministry of Justice and the All China Lawyers Association, on July 12, 2010, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce finally revised the "Measures for the Administration of Trademark Agency", which stipulated in Article 4: "If an applicant applies to establish a trademark agency organization, the applicant shall apply for registration with the local industrial and commercial administration department at or above the county level, and obtain the" Enterprise Legal Person Business License "or" Business License ". If a law firm engages in trademark agency, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply." This provision means that lawyers can engage in trademark agency business in the name of a law firm. From then on, the barriers to trademark agency business have finally been broken down, and lawyers can intervene in trademark legal services. The lawyer's trademark business chain has been formed.At present, the Ministry of Justice and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce are jointly formulating the Management Measures for Law Firms Engaging in Trademark Agency Business. After the implementation of this measure, the law firm can file with the Trademark Office, prepay the prescribed fees to the designated account, and officially submit the application documents for trademark registration.6、 Chinese lawyers have accumulated certain experience in trademark legal servicesPreviously, lawyers could not engage in trademark agency business and only handled trademark civil infringement litigation, trademark contract draftingReview, trademark consulting, and other related businesses. But trademark agency not only has a large business volume, but also serves as the foundation for doing other trademark businesses well. More importantly, enterprises need high-quality trademark agents. For this reason, since 1999, law firms have successively established agency companies to engage in trademark agency business in the name of agency companies. According to statistics, at least 89 law firms in Beijing have established law firms, including the top 10 law firms in terms of business revenue. It should be said that these law firms have to some extent met the needs of clients and accumulated some experience in trademark legal services. Some major trademark cases are basically represented by lawyers, which has a certain influence in the industry. Based on these law firms and lawyers, it is entirely possible to develop and strengthen the trademark lawyer team.Chapter 4 Prospects of Lawyers Engaging in Trademark Legal Services1、 The volume of trademark legal services in China is huge and continues to increaseAt present, there are a large number of trademark applications, which have brought a lot of trademark business. However, Chinese lawyers are still concerned whether this is a flash in the pan and have concerns about engaging in trademark legal services. Therefore, through research and analysis, we predict the main trademark legal services after 2011 as follows:1. Domestic trademark applications will remain above 1 million in recent years;2. Reject no less than 50000 applications for reexamination per year;3. There will be more than 50000 trademark objections;4. Trademark review cases have maintained a significant growth on the basis of over 70000 cases;5. The number of administrative litigation cases for trademark confirmation is rapidly increasing on the basis of 3000 cases;6. The number of trademark administrative complaints should be over 70000;7. Trademark infringement lawsuits may grow exponentially, reaching tens of thousands of cases per year.The above prediction is mainly based on the following factors:1. The state and governments at all levels vigorously promote the national intellectual property strategy;2. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce actively implements the national trademark strategy;3. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce vigorously promotes the strategy of geographical indication certification trademarks and agricultural product trademarks;4. There are over 40 million market entities in China, and currently, on average, only 16 enterprises have one registered trademark;5. The awareness of corporate trademarks is gradually increasing, and they will choose more prominent trademarks again;6. Shortening the trademark examination cycle will stimulate an increase in the number of trademark applications;7. After the amendment of the Trademark Law, expanding the subject and object of trademark application, establishing the formulation of examination opinions, increasing infringement costs, and other modification contents will generate a lot of business;In the future, more Chinese companies will go global and more foreign companies will enter China.2、 Lawyer * * * entering the field of trademark legal services will increase the volume of trademark business1. The lawyer's association suggests that clients exhaust all the rights granted by the Trademark Law, protect their interests, and increase the number of trademark cases;2. Lawyers have a more accurate understanding of conflicts of rights, prior rights, malicious registration, and may advise clients to assert their rights to the greatest extent possible;3. In order to prevent others from hitchhiking, cross class protection cases may increase significantly;4. Lawyers have the ability to provide high-end services such as trademark strategy that most agency companies cannot provide, and these businesses will gradually be cultivated as the lawyer's trademark business deepens;5. With the accumulation of experience and improvement of level, lawyers * * * will actively participate in trademark related affairs of enterprises, serve as long-term trademark consultants, provide advice and suggestions for enterprises, fully play the role of trademarks, and help enterprises develop.3、 Lawyers will undoubtedly become the main force in trademark legal servicesFor a long time, although the basic trademark agency business in China has mainly been represented by trademark agency companies, many law firms and lawyers in China have already started trademark agency business by establishing trademark agency companies for a long time, and have a relatively solid foundation. In addition, almost all difficult and complex trademark rights and infringement litigation cases in our country are represented by lawyers, and some lawyers already have very rich experience. At present, China has initially formed a group of lawyers who can provide high-quality trademark legal services. With the breaking of barriers for Chinese lawyers to engage in trademark agency business, more lawyers will inevitably engage in trademark legal services.The needs of the country and enterprises, the progressiveness nature of lawyers and the existing foundation of lawyers in trademark legal services make it reasonable for us to foresee that in the next 3-5 years, most of the trademark agency business will be represented by lawyers, and all difficult and complicated trademark rights determination and infringement cases will be represented by lawyers. Lawyers will become the main force of trademark legal services.Chapter 5 How Lawyers Can Provide Good Trademark Legal Services1、 Lawyers need to practice their internal skills well1. The level of lawyer trademark agency needs to be improvedLawyers can now engage in trademark agency business, and they also have the ability to do this business well, but they need to prevent crowding over, which may lead to a decrease in service quality. Due to the fact that trademark agency business has always been closed to lawyers, lawyers have not given enough attention to trademark business in the past. Although some law firms and lawyers have started to engage in trademark agency business in recent years, and even major cases of trademark litigation are mostly represented by lawyers, the overall level of trademark legal services provided by lawyers needs to be improved. Most lawyers have not been involved in trademark business, and some lawyers make jokes or even harm the interests of clients in trademark agency business. For example, if the trademark has not yet been preliminarily reviewed and announced, they represent clients to raise disputes with the commercial evaluation committee; Accusing others of infringement based on the trademark acceptance notice; The lawyer for trademark investment did not conduct due diligence, and the trademark owner is not an investor.2. The trademark agency cycle is long and the time limit is short, requiring the formation of a long-term and stable * * * teamDue to the complexity of the trademark rights confirmation process, a trademark application can go through all administrative and judicial procedures up to 20 times, and each process cycle is long. An application takes several years or even more to complete, but the time limit for administrative procedures is very short, with only fifteen days for rejecting and opposing applications for re examination. The Trademark Office and the Commercial Evaluation Commission handle trademark cases in writing and never inform the members of the collegial panel. The examiner also does not proactively contact the agent, and the agent can only passively accept notifications from the Trademark Office and the Commercial Evaluation Commission. Therefore, the agent must have a strong sense of responsibility and closely follow every procedure, otherwise it will miss out on major matters. It can be seen that trademark agency business is significantly different from traditional businesses such as securities and litigation, and there are significant risks involved. A long-term and stable * * * team needs to be established to be competent in this job. Law firms should have sound business processes, risk control, personnel management, and other rules and regulations for trademark agency business to ensure business quality.3. Trademark business requires lawyers to invest wisdom and effortEnterprises need to invest wisdom and effort to cultivate a trademark into a brand with high visibility and reputation. Trademarks, based on their intangible characteristics, are more difficult to protect compared to tangible property. A trademark that has been established for a hundred years is insufficient, and it can be more harmful in a moment. Lawyers need to invest more energy and wisdom than tangible assets to comprehensively cultivate, manage, and protect the trademark as the primary asset of the enterprise.2、 The Ministry of Justice vigorously promotes, provides policy support, organizes and coordinates, strengthens supervision, and safeguards rights and interests1. Vigorously promoteAfter the promulgation of the "Management Measures for Law Firms Engaging in Trademark Agency Business", the Ministry of Justice is requested to take this opportunity to issue a document,Clarify the implementation of lawyer trademark agency services by judicial administrative agencies and law associations at all levels. We attach great importance to and promote a series of activities related to lawyer trademark legal services, and use all resources and opportunities to strengthen publicity and promotion. If necessary, we will invite department leaders to attend press conferences and accept media interviews, emphasizing that lawyers attach great importance to trademark business. Lawyers have not only started to engage in trademark agency business, but also will definitely do a good job in trademark agency business. Strive to improve the level of trademark services provided by lawyers, and create a win-win situation for trademark authorities, judicial authorities, enterprises, and lawyers.2. Policy supportLawyers have deep-rooted biases towards trademark business, and there is corresponding policy support within the department. Even small and vague policies can touch lawyers, prompting them to understand, care for, and participate in trademark business, forming a broader understanding and expanding their influence. Introducing preferential policies, especially providing tax reduction, exemption, and refund support to newly established law firms engaged in trademark agency business, creating a favorable environment for lawyers to engage in trademark business, can attract intellectual property agency companies to switch to law firms, increase the talent of trademark lawyers, expand the legal team, and enhance the influence of lawyers in the intellectual property industry.3. Organizational coordinationPlease coordinate with local judicial bureaus and legal associations to support a series of activities related to trademark legal services provided by lawyersProvide strong support for training, seminars, exchanges, and other related activities.After lawyers intervene in trademark agency business, they can improve the efficiency of the trademark office and commercial judges, and reduce the pressure of cases. Therefore, the Ministry of Justice, the Lawyers Association, the Trademark Office, and the Commercial Evaluation Commission have become a community of shared interests. The Ministry is requested to communicate and cooperate with relevant units in various aspects to form a new situation of mutual benefit and common development.The Beijing First Intermediate People's Court, Beijing High Court, and the * * * High Court of the retrial court have been designated as the jurisdictional courts for trademark confirmation cases since 2002. After ten years of practice, they have already achieved a high level of trademark case trial. Lawyers have also accumulated corresponding experience, but not as good as the court's summary and improvement. The two require in-depth communication, which is beneficial for the court to solve the backlog of cases, conduct fair trials, improve their professional skills, and protect the interests of clients. In addition, such cases have a short trial time, which seriously affects the lawyer's performance. The court acknowledges that trademark agents act for a fee and other behaviors that harm the lawyer's interests need to be corrected by the court as soon as possible. But this requires the organization and coordination of the Ministry of Justice to be more effective.4. Strengthen supervisionTrademark agency business allows lawyers to do it, but we must not mess it up. Otherwise, not only will lawyers not have the opportunity to do trademark business, but it will also affect the expansion of intellectual property business such as * *. The complexity, long cycle, and short time limit of trademark agency procedures, as well as the strong mobility of personnel in law firms and the possibility of many lawyers participating in trademark agency business, determine the high risks of these businesses, so strict supervision is necessary.5. Safeguarding rights and interestsFor a long time, lawyers have not been able to engage in trademark agency, but staff of trademark agency agencies can act as paid agents for trademark administrative rights and other litigation cases as citizens. Such litigation is a high-level, sophisticated, and cutting-edge business of trademarks. According to statistics from the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court, more than 90% of trademark administrative rights litigation cases are represented by trademark agents. On the one hand, trademark agents lack necessary and systematic legal training on litigation procedures, evidence rules, legal application, liability principles, and scope of responsibility, which makes it difficult for them to have a * * * * level, harms customer interests, and affects the fairness of court judgments; On the other hand, it disrupts the market, making it difficult for lawyers to collect and pay equivalent agency fees, and judicial administrative agencies and legal associations cannot effectively regulate and control risks. The overall quality of such litigation representation cannot be improved, which undermines the seriousness of the judicial system. Trademark agents, in order to win the trust of customers, charge higher agency fees by claiming to be lawyers and claiming that the company has several lawyers, which damages the image and interests of lawyers and has a negative impact on society. Please coordinate with relevant departments to resolutely rectify the above two phenomena.3、 Please promote, support, and encourage the National Bar Association1. PromotionThe National Lawyers Association can utilize the magazine, website, and cooperative media of China Lawyers to promote the positive significance of lawyer trademark business from multiple perspectives, classic cases, and * * * lawyers in the long term. Utilize opportunities such as training, seminars, annual meetings, and international exchanges to vigorously promote the trademark business of lawyers and create influence in the legal community. This will not only attract * * * lawyers and young lawyers to join, but also allow lawyers to encounter such business and recommend it to trademark lawyers, increase the volume of trademark business for lawyers, help trademark lawyers accumulate experience, and grow rapidly.2. SupportThe National Lawyers Association is requested to provide significant funding support for lawyer trademark activities on an annual basis. The Intellectual Property Commission needs to do a lot of work, including basic training, high-end seminars, international peer exchanges, and media support.3. EncouragementThe National Lawyers Association should take advantage of various opportunities to encourage trademark lawyers, giving them a sense of honor and mission. In the evaluation and promotion activities, more quota should be given to trademark lawyers, and individual honors and honors can also be considered to establish a good image of lawyer trademark legal services.4、 Guidance, training, and standardization of trademark business by the National Lawyers and Intellectual Property Commission1. GuidanceOpen online answers, revise the China Trademark Business Guide, and organize experienced members to guide lawyers in trademark business in various forms.2. TrainingThe Intellectual Property Commission plans to provide various forms of trademark business training, including basic and high-end services, lawyers and officials, free and paid services, online and on-site services. The aim is to enable some lawyers to master the basic knowledge and skills of trademark agency in a short period of time, and to cultivate a group of trademark lawyers with a certain level of expertise to represent difficult cases, forming a group advantage and driving the trademark business of other lawyers.3. NormsOrganize experienced lawyers to write "Trademark Business Risk Tips" and "Trademark Business Guidelines" to help lawyers avoid risks and regulate their trademark business. At the same time, standardize trademark business fees, avoid low price competition, ensure the basic income of trademark lawyers, and create conditions for healthy development.Chapter 6 The Importance of Lawyers Providing Good Trademark Legal ServicesTrademark legal services are important legal services for enterprises under modern market economy conditions, as well as intellectual property legal services that lawyers can easily and effectively provide. We must have a profound understanding and confidence in this regard. Moreover, providing good trademark legal services by lawyers is of great significance to the country, trademark authorities, enterprises, lawyers themselves, and other parties:1、 Beneficial for the implementation of the national intellectual property strategy, serving the transformation of the country's economic development mode, and building an innovative countryIn a market economy, competition between enterprises is becoming increasingly fierce, and intellectual property rights such as trademarks have become an important driving force and core competitiveness for sustainable development of enterprises. It determines whether enterprises can break through various barriers and step out of * * *, and determines their future and even life and death. Intellectual property has become an important manifestation of national competitiveness and the foundation for establishing an innovative country. Lawyers providing trademark legal services is of great significance for China to implement its national intellectual property strategy, accelerate the transformation of economic development mode, and build an innovative country. China is vigorously promoting the National Intellectual Property Strategy, one of the three major national strategies. The Party and * * * have repeatedly emphasized the implementation of the National Intellectual Property Strategy, and intellectual property also plays an important role in the process of transforming the country's economic development mode. High quality trademark and other intellectual property legal services are of great significance for the acquisition, management, application, and protection of intellectual property, and are an important and indispensable component of the national intellectual property strategy.Lawyers have relatively higher legal and political literacy, and have more * * * legal knowledge and skills. They are representatives and important guarantees of the progressiveness of legal services in China. Lawyers actively expand and engage in intellectual property legal services such as trademarks, which can also be said to be contributing to the implementation of national policies, serving the overall situation, and contributing to the prosperity and rejuvenation of the country, and has strong political significance.2、 Beneficial for lawyers to serve agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, and can have a good social effectThe State Administration for Industry and Commerce is carrying out the work of serving rural areas with geographical indications, certification trademarks, and agricultural product trademarks. This work is of great significance for China's agricultural industrialization, increasing farmers' income, and developing rural economy. Lawyers can cooperate with the Trademark Office, local governments, and industry associations to actively help popularize the Trademark Law, enhance the trademark awareness of agricultural industry practitioners, actively act as agents for geographical indications, certification trademarks, and agricultural product trademark rights confirmation and protection, assist in trademark management and operation, and improve the competitiveness of China's agricultural products in the international market. This is a great way for lawyers to serve agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, and it will undoubtedly have a good social effect in our country, which is very worthy of vigorous promotion.3、 It is conducive to reflecting the positive role of the Ministry of Justice in guiding lawyers to serve the national intellectual property strategy and serve the national economic constructionUnder the strong promotion of the Ministry of Justice, lawyers have successfully expanded their trademark agency business, which is an important contribution made by the Ministry of Justice to the development of the legal industry. Lawyers providing trademark legal services can further amplify this effect, fully demonstrating that the Ministry of Justice is actively guiding lawyers to serve society, the government, and the country's economic development. Lawyers have made achievements in the field of trademarks, and the Ministry of Justice can publish their achievements in implementing the national intellectual property strategy at the inter ministerial joint meeting, reflecting the role of judicial administrative agencies in the national intellectual property strategy.4、 Beneficial for improving the efficiency of trademark authorities and courts, reducing case backlog, and improving the quality of case trialsWith the addition of more lawyers, the level of trademark legal services provided by lawyers has improved, and the trademark business of lawyers has been improved and upgraded. The overall service quality of lawyers will be significantly higher than that of trademark agents, which can significantly improve the work efficiency of trademark offices, commercial judges, and courts. Reducing the backlog of cases and reducing work pressure, trademark authorities, courts, and lawyers can easily form a positive interaction, which will greatly help to jointly improve the level of trademark confirmation and protection. It is bound to promote the development of China's trademark industry, better serve enterprises, and increase domestic and international competitiveness.5、 Beneficial for promoting the expansion of lawyer business, expanding the influence of lawyers, and improving the social status of lawyersLawyers providing good trademark legal services and forming a positive interaction with the trademark authority can have a series of positive impacts, such as improving the efficiency of the trademark authority, eliminating backlog of cases, etc. It can greatly help expand the intellectual property business of lawyers, and also drive other legal services to increase the volume and income of lawyers.Trademark and other intellectual property legal services are high-end businesses in legal services. Doing a good job in trademark legal services is beneficial for lawyers to upgrade and transform, improve their level and social status. In addition, trademark legal services are mostly non litigation businesses, and even if there are litigation businesses, there is no strong confrontation with public power. The scope of trademark legal services is broad and there are many customers. Providing good trademark legal services can easily change the negative evaluation of lawyers by the public, and is conducive to establishing a positive image of lawyers serving enterprises, society, and the country.

05/212018

On the Construction of "Gentleman" Type Labor Relations and Legal System

Extracted from China Lawyers NetworkAbstract: Labor relations are a fundamental social relationship in the industrial era and an important criterion for measuring whether society is harmonious. Labor relations and corresponding legal system issuesLabor relations are a fundamental social relationship in the industrial era and an important criterion for measuring social harmony. The issue of labor relations and corresponding legal systems not only involves the realization of the rights and interests of hundreds of millions of workers, but also involves the implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and the construction of a socialist harmonious society, which is a topic of great practical significance.1、 Overview of Theoretical Research on Labor Relations and Related Legal System ConstructionLabor relations refer to the social and economic relationships formed between workers and labor users in the process of realizing labor. According to different attitudes towards whether labor relations can be reconciled, foreign theories on labor relations can be divided into: natural harmony theory, irreconcilable theory, and reconcilable theory. The labor relations theory in our country has gone through three stages: the Three Principles of the People's Republic of China labor capital coordination theory, the New Democratic labor capital dual benefit theory, and the socialist theory of balancing public and private interests.In the mid-20th century, due to differences in historical culture and legal traditions, as well as differences in the specific system and operation mode of the national economy, three distinctive labor legal system models emerged: the first was the common law model in the UK and the US, characterized by less direct intervention and adjustment by the government or law in labor relations matters. The second is the German and French civil law model characterized by the state's intervention in labor relations through written laws, with a high degree of intervention. The third is the Japanese model, which combines the characteristics of the first two and implements three different labor legal systems: lifelong employment system, collective bargaining and agreement system at the enterprise level, and universal qualification system. A labor relations legal system has been formed, which includes three basic systems: individual interest system, collective rights system, and labor dispute resolution system. In China, the development of the legal system of labor relations presents a completely different picture. On the one hand, a large number of written laws have been promulgated one after another, and the intervention of the state and laws in the field of labor relations is increasing; On the other hand, more and more civil organizations established or involved in accordance with legal provisions and national policies are participating in the coordination and resolution of labor disputes.From the perspective of theoretical research on labor relations and the construction process of labor relations legal system, labor management conflict and coordination have always been the core issues of theoretical research and legal system construction. The evolution of the intervention strength of the state and law runs through the entire process of labor relations theory research and legal system construction, and has not yet been resolved. How to solve this problem is undoubtedly crucial for building and developing stable and harmonious labor relations, and building a harmonious society. Therefore, the author proposes a "gentleman" type of labor relations and legal system, hoping to solve the legal adjustment problem of labor relations.2、 "Gentleman" type labor relations and legal system construction(1) The Ecological Existence of "Gentleman" Type Labor Relations and Legal Systems - "Harmony but Differences"Confucius said, "A gentleman is harmonious but different, while a petty person is harmonious but not harmonious." "Harmony" and "unity" are a pair of philosophical concepts. "Harmony" and "unity" are two different states of existence of things, and they are two different methods for people to handle problems. "Harmony" refers to the unity and harmony of different things, which is the unity of contradictions; "Same" refers to the addition and unity of the same things. What we are pursuing is a "harmonious but different" form of labor relations that is full of vitality and can continuously innovate and create harmonious labor relations. Therefore, the author refers to it as a "gentleman" type of labor relations with the help of ancient Chinese culture. It encompasses two aspects of meaning, or in other words, its existence manifests as two levels of ecology.1. From a macro perspective, it is a harmonious coexistence of different modes of labor relations and legal systems.It requires different enterprises to develop different rules and regulations and establish different labor relationship models based on their own industry characteristics, nature, and corporate culture, rather than requiring companies to have uniform rules and regulations and labor relationship models. Confucius said, "The heart of a gentleman is common... although it is harmonious with others, it is not." The "gentleman" type of labor relationship we want is a vibrant and harmonious labor relationship composed of different rules and regulations, and different labor relationship models, that is, a "harmonious but different" social labor relationship that is "harmonious with reality", rather than a "same but not harmonious" social labor relationship that is contradictory due to the demand for consistency. However, no matter how different there may be, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers, adjusting labor relations, building and maintaining a labor system that adapts to the socialist market economy, promoting economic development and social progress, are the "ways" that "gentlemen" cannot abandon.2. From a micro perspective, it is the combination and unity of various labor relations and legal elements.It requires that the rules and regulations of the enterprise, as well as the culture of the enterprise, should be a system that allows for the existence and development of individual personalities of workers, fully tapping into their personal potential, and promoting the vitality and vitality of the enterprise; Instead of emphasizing discipline and consistency, it is a corporate culture and regulations that stifle the individuality and enthusiasm of workers. It is a harmonious labor relationship that integrates various elements of labor relations, allowing managers and workers, or labor and management, to fulfill their respective responsibilities while also contributing to the development of the enterprise. It is a labor relationship that is harmonious but different from real life.In summary, labor legislation should add flexible provisions and reduce rigid provisions. Labor law should be a flexible law that allows for the existence of different labor relationship models, so as to be in line with the modern legislative trend internationally.(2) The values of "Dao" and "righteousness" as the first priority, and the unity of righteousness and benefit, as well as interpersonal relationships, are the essential content of the "gentleman" type of labor relations and legal systemA gentleman is compared to righteousness, while a petty person is compared to profit. This is the values and interpersonal relationship concept of a "gentleman" type of labor relationship, which includes the following layers of meaning.1. The values of righteousness and benefit are based on the principle of "non benevolence and righteousness cannot make a living" and "dual existence of righteousness and benefit".There is a saying in "Huainanzi": "A gentleman cannot be born without benevolence and righteousness. Without benevolence and righteousness, he will lose his reason for being born." Adhering to benevolence and righteousness, "non benevolence and righteousness cannot be born" is the cornerstone of the "gentleman" type of labor relations and legal system construction. At the same time, the "gentleman" type of labor relations and their legal system are not oligarchic, but advocate for the unity of righteousness and benefit. "Justice and profit are two things that a person has, although Yao and Shun could not satisfy the people's desires for profit." (Xunzi)2. The values of virtue and talent are "virtue, handsomeness, talent, and talent", which embody both virtue and talent.Sima Guang said in his "Zizhi Tongjian": "A wise and resolute person is called a talented person, and a just and balanced person is called a virtuous person. A talented person is the capital of virtue; a virtuous person is the commander of talent... Virtue surpasses talent is called a gentleman, and talent surpasses virtue is called a petty person."3. The interpersonal relationship concept of "harmony with righteousness", "non morality", and "displeasure".A gentleman talks about unity, not collusion. According to Wang Yinzhi's "Jing Yi Shu Wen", "Those who combine righteousness are Zhou; those who combine benefit are Bi." This is the interpersonal relationship connotation of the "gentleman" type of labor relationship. Firstly, for any party in labor relations, it should be strict with oneself and lenient towards others. "A gentleman seeks all of oneself, while a petty person seeks all of others." Secondly, the relationship between people should be dignified without competing for wealth and benefits, and harmonious without forming cliques for personal gain. "A gentleman is reserved but does not argue, and a group does not join the party." After * * *, "a gentleman" is the only person who is talented. Confucius said, "A gentleman is easy to do but difficult to say (pleased). When he says (pleased), he does not use the Tao, he does not say (pleased); when he uses people, he uses tools. When a petty person is difficult to do, he is easy to say (pleased). When he says (pleased), he does not use the Tao, he says (pleased); when he uses people, he seeks (pleased)." A gentleman should adhere to principles ("Tao"), and hire people according to their abilities, rather than blaming them for everything.Looking at the current labor laws, regulations, and even labor laws and policies in China, there are very few regulations on corporate culture construction, as well as regulations on the moral and talent connotations of labor relations and interpersonal relationships, which clearly have serious shortcomings. Building a "gentleman" type of labor relationship and establishing corresponding legal systems require us to demonstrate the spirit of combining morality and talent through labor legislation and policies. The author advocates the return of the essence of ancient law, that is, to attach importance to the mutual penetration of law and morality in content, to transform mature moral obligations into legal obligations as far as possible, and to give play to the guiding role of law in moral construction in the field of labor relations in combination with the flexible characteristics of law.(3) "Wen Zhi Bin Bin" is the essential requirement and manifestation of the "gentleman" type of labor relations and legal systemConfucius said, "When quality surpasses literature, it leads to wildness, and when literature surpasses quality, it leads to history. When literature is refined and refined, it leads to a gentleman." "Literature" and "quality" are a pair of philosophical concepts first proposed by Confucius, which are the same as the phenomena and essence, form and content that we talk about today. On a macro level, establishing a "gentleman" type of labor relationship and constructing a "gentleman" type of labor relationship legal system, labor legislation should reflect the actual level of social and economic development, adhere to the unity of form and content, and avoid excessive and excessive. From a micro perspective, the rules and regulations of a company should be in line with its actual state. Otherwise, it not only hinders the harmony and stability of labor relations, but also disrupts the normal order of the company.(4) "Striving for self-improvement" and "carrying virtue" are the vitality of the "gentleman" type of labor relations and legal systemThe concepts of "self-improvement and self-improvement" and "carrying virtue with substance" reveal the trajectory and driving force of the development and changes of "gentleman" type labor relations.1. A gentleman should respect the heavens and strive for self-improvement.The hexagrams of "Yi Zhuan" and "Qian" have a saying: "Heavenly conduct is healthy; gentlemen strive for self-improvement." It indicates that the improvement of human morality requires, on the one hand, an experiential imitation object (heavenly conduct); On the other hand, it requires a rational level of subjective consciousness; At the same time, it is necessary to continuously internalize the character power of the "object" (heaven) in moral practice, enrich the content of subjective consciousness, and enrich oneself in the integration of the two, so as to become the main source of showcasing the charm of human character. It reflects a correct understanding of the essence and laws of nature. When applied to the construction of harmonious labor relations and corresponding legal systems, it also includes two levels of significance. Firstly, from a macro social perspective, it requires us to always pay attention to the construction of our legal system, reflect the actual social and economic laws, continuously improve the legal system, and achieve consistency, integration, and unity between the legal system as an important component of the superstructure and the economic foundation. Secondly, from the micro perspective of the construction of enterprise labor relations, the construction of enterprise rules and regulations should be a dynamic system that can not only reflect the actual situation of social development in a timely manner, but also reflect the unique characteristics of the enterprise, and can adjust and correct itself in a timely manner.2. The concept of "carrying things with virtue" is the vitality of the development of "gentleman" type labor relations and legal systems.It embodies a quality of being broad, accommodating, generous, and resilient. The quality of being a "gentleman" with "virtue and carrying things" is crucial for harmonious labor relations that are suitable for the characteristics of the times. The protection of rights and social harmony is a contradictory unity. The concept of rights and the system of rights protection bring individual liberation and protection for the exercise and enjoyment of individual rights, but also bring many disputes. Therefore, the construction of a "gentleman" type labor relationship and legal system that includes various rights, resolves conflicts, and harmonizes and coexists is a requirement of the development of the times. Individual abandonment or transfer of partial rights in exchange for the overall harmony of the community is the value pursuit of traditional Chinese society and the main path to building a stable social order. We should not only strengthen the legislative protection of individual rights, but also attach importance to the promoting function of the rights system and the concept of * * * in promoting harmony. Firstly, while protecting the rights of vulnerable groups and individuals, labor legislation should not forget that the subject of rights not only refers to individual natural persons and workers, but also to enterprises, social organizations, and government agencies. Secondly, no right exists in isolation, it inevitably comes with related obligations and responsibilities. We should fully pay attention to and grasp the systematic nature of rights, obligations, and responsibilities. Thirdly, a certain type of right of a specific subject is inevitably in a state of coexistence with similar rights of other subjects, and the status of each subject is equal. At the same time, the existence of one category of rights cannot be a legitimate and reasonable reason to deny the existence of other types of rights. In short, in the construction of harmonious labor relations and their legal system, we must fully promote the ideas of harmony, coexistence, tolerance, humility, and compromise, and truly build a "gentleman" type of labor relationship that is broad, tolerant, honest, and accommodating, with softness and strength.In summary, creating a "gentleman" type of labor relationship, constructing a "gentleman" type of labor legal system, integrating the different interests and needs of various rights subjects, resolving the contradictions of various rights subjects, making various different rights subjects coexist, constructing and developing harmonious and stable labor relationships, and building a harmonious society is no longer a difficult task.

05/212018

处分未来作品权利合同的效力与违约责任

  摘自中国律师网   案情简介   2006年起,甲某以笔名“MRSJ”先后在A公司网站上发表了多部作品,并与A公司签订协议,将作品的信息网络传播权等著作权***授权或转让给A公司,在此期间,A公司共向甲某陆续支付了共计二百余万元的稿酬。   2010年1月18日,A公司与甲某签订《白金作者作品协议》一份,约定甲某将自协议生效之日起四年内所创作的所有作品在全球范围内的信息网络传播权及电子形式的汇编权、改编权、复制权、发行权等全部永久转让于A公司。并排除甲某本人于本协议签订后自行行使或向第三方转让、授权上述权利。合同还约定了当事人的违约责任以及违约金条款。   同日,A公司与甲某还签订了《委托创作协议》一份。约定甲某作为专属作者,受A公司委托创作的协议作品,著作权及一切衍生权利完全排他地归属于A公司。在协议期内未经A公司书面许可,甲某不得以真实姓名、笔名或其他姓名、名称等任何名义,将甲某在协议期间内创作的包括协议作品在内的各类作品交于或许可第三方发表、使用或开发,或者为第三方创作各类作品。A公司将于协议生效之日起30个工作日内,向甲某支付预付款人民币10万元整。2010年2月10日,A公司依约向甲某预付了10万元创作资金。   2010年6月18日,甲某与B公司签订《劳动合同书》一份,担任B公司游戏策划部门总监一职,合同期限5年。合同约定,甲某按B公司要求进行职务作品创作,作品著作权归B公司所有。2010年7月18日,甲某以“MRSJ”的笔名在B公司指定的网站上发表作品《JS》,连载至2012年2月5日结束。   案例选送:上海市***中级人民法院   诉争焦点   本案的争议焦点是《白金作者作品协议》和《委托创作协议》的效力及违约责任。   法院判决   原审判决:一、A公司与甲某继续履行双方于2010年1月18日签订的《白金作者作品协议》;二、A公司与甲某继续履行双方于2010年1月18日签订的《委托创作协议》;三、甲某停止在B公司指定的网站继续发表《JS》;四、甲某应于判决生效后十日内支付A公司违约金人民币20万元;五、甲某创作的《JS》著作权(除法律规定不可转让的权利以外)归A公司所有;六、驳回A公司的其余诉讼请求;七、驳回甲某的全部诉讼请求。   二审判决:一、维持原审判决第五项;二、撤销原审判决***、二、三、四、六、七项;三、甲某与A公司于2010年1月18日签订的《白金作者作品协议》、《委托创作协议》于判决生效之日解除;四、甲某应于判决生效之日起十日内向A公司

05/212018

律师支招:独生子女继承“老难”吗?

  近日,一篇题为《独生子女继承遇法律空白,父母遗产无法继承》的文章在微信朋友圈疯传。引起独生子女和他们的父母们惴惴不安。笔者作为***律师,为您支上几招,独生子女继承就没有那么难了。   亲,看完后不要光顾自个受益,也要转发给亲朋好友共享哟……   一、找公证处。   1、遗嘱公证。独生子女的父母还健在的时候,为了独生子女的利益,可以办理遗嘱公证,把未成年子女的监护、遗嘱执行人选、遗产是否归子女个人所有等预先做个安排,以解父母后顾之忧。   2、《继承公证书》:父母生前以自己的名义在银行开户的存款在父母去世后,子女很可能拿不到存折或者不知道存折、信用卡的密码。即使有密码也未必能够取得。银行获悉本人已去世,无法识别你是否为独生子女,就不会让你取款。独生子女可以向公证处提出申请,公证处会按照一定的程序进行核查,确认后,会出据一份《继承公证书》,凭借此继承证明,之后银行、不动产部门都会为独生子女办理相关的遗产继承。   3、《中国公证遗嘱查询平台》:国家已推出《中国公证遗嘱查询平台》,全国联网。有些独女子女长期没有和父母住在一起,或者虽在生前做过遗嘱公证,但并未告诉子女,当父母突然去世后,独女子女只要到任何一家公证处就可以查询到父母的遗嘱信息。   二、找银行 对于银行存款,事先可在银行进行代理取款手续的文件准备,继承人取款时就能得到银行配合,这样银行存款的继承可以不必进行公证,更不用通过诉讼。   三、找律师 律师会根据不同情形以及策划诉讼方案。   1、提前着手,为您量身打造继承方案。 律师可以为您进行财产状况分析,制定遗产继承方案,制作遗产继承法律文书。提供遗嘱见证,代为保管遗嘱等服务。对大额财产还可以接受个人或家族的委托,代为管理、处置家庭财产,以信托方式实现财富规划及传承目标。遗嘱人可以根据自己的需要,为信托财产的管理和支配设定各种条件和要求。国外熟知的如戴安娜王妃为其两个儿子设立的遗产信托,国内熟知的如梅艳芳为其母设立的遗产信托。为独生子女设定信托,既可隔离风险,保障未成年子女的生活,还能实现遗产有序继承。   2、需要诉讼实现继承的,为您策划诉讼方案及代理诉讼。   (1)若有其他继承人的:成年独生子女,可以以自己的名义独立提起诉讼,起诉同为***顺序继承人的祖父母、外祖父母或者继父、继母等,要求分割其父母生前所留遗产,并申请法院查明其父母生前财产状况;未成年独生子女,监护人可以代理未成年继承人起诉。   (2)若无其他继承人:若孩子尚未成年,可以由法院确定监护人后再办理继承手续。如果不知财产的去向,可以“曲线诉讼”,以叔侄或者其他亲属为被告,提出确认继承诉讼,并申请法院进行财产调查。   (3)如果相关单位应该配合而不配合办理过户或取款手续,可以起诉相关单位要求继承。

05/212018

聊聊私人律师那些事儿

  你有私人律师吗?   大多数人知道“私人律师”都是从观看欧美、港台影视作品中了解的,遇到麻烦时说声“请和我的律师谈!”、“我要见我的律师!”就OK了。觉得很酷,很羡慕。在发达的西方法制社会,私人律师服务早已遍及社会生活的方方面面,如美国, 98% 的人与私人律师打交道, 1% 的人拥有强大的公司律师阵营,另外 1% 的人由国家提供法律援助。   目前,随着我国法治社会的建设进程,社会进步和文明发展的步伐越来越快,私人律师也越来越多的介入公民及家庭的生活。老百姓们见面也可以谈论私人律师的话题了。   ◆“私人律师”能做什么?   目前,私人律师在我国虽然还不能像在发达的西方法制社会里那样发挥那么大的作用,但随着政府部门依法办事理念以及国民法制意识的不断增强,私人律师可以提供***服务的地方太多了。比如:   1、借钱给朋友,请私人律师写个协议或对借条把个关,替您保管好,到期催收;   2、***、买车等请私人律师调查卖方合法性,审查合同,指导付款、交货程序,出现纠纷由律师出面协商解决办法;   3、找份工作被老板忽悠,请私人律师出面协商,不成就代理劳动仲裁;   4、给自己或家人买份保险,请私人律师审查合同,评价妥否,签完合同交给律师保管,出险理赔都有人打理;   5、有钱想投资经营,请私人律师做个尽职调查,起草合同,把控投资风险;   6、受到侮辱诽谤,名誉、肖像受侵害等倒霉事儿了,请私人律师出面处理解决;   7、出现家庭纠纷,财产如何规划,子女继承问题等婚姻家事问题,请私人律师提供合理合法的处理意见。   8、还有日常生活中经常遇到的消费欺诈、交通事故赔偿、伤害赔偿等,也都请私人律师提供***法律服务。   ……   关键是律师的参与既为您节省了时间、财力,还能够保证及时获取必要证据,为维护您的合法权益做好准备工作。如果你能请到认真负责、经验丰富的私人律师,你会发现你的生活忽然变得轻松而美好,再无繁琐法律纠纷的“搔扰”。   聘请私人律师的好处很多,主要体现在:   1、防患于未然。   2、处理***问题。   3、促进客户行为及管理工作更加规范化。   4、节约费用、减少损失。   5、私密性。   6、长期性、稳定性。   ◆如何挑选“私人律师”?   1、先看律师执业证。执业证上显示律师在哪个律师事务所执业以及执业年限。可以初步评判出律师的业务经验及能力。通常执业年限长的,经验丰富。在正规、大牌律所执业的,服务规范。   2、人品端正、诚实敬业的律师当***。私人律师首先要对客户忠诚,能够全心全意地为客户着想,为客户隐私保密,成为客户***依赖的朋友。   3、选择法律知识***、阅历丰富的律师,或由多方面***特长的律师组成团队提供服务。   4、不要相信随便承诺或保证结果的律师,也不要相信经常炫耀关系网的律师,防止被忽悠。

05/212018

企业常用合同条款的法律风险及防范策略

  1.合同标的及法律风险   当事人签订合同是为了实现财产或类似于财产的其他权益的归属变化,因此对这种财产或类似于财产的其他权益的标准描述是非常重要的。合同标的条款因此也成为法律的提示性条款内容。合同标的是合同法律关系的客体,是合同当事***利和义务共同指向的对象。标的是合同成立的必要条件,合同标的条款是不可补正条款,如果双方当事人没有约定则合同不能成立。   根据合同性质的不同,合同标的可以分为物、权利、行为、智力成果。这些因标的性质不同而产生的标的约定差异应当引起注意。如权利瑕疵不像物的瑕疵那么容易被观察,因此以权利为标的的合同更应当注重对权利状态的描述。行为作为标的,往往依赖于特定人技能,因此更应当注意行为人的确定以及与代为履行禁止相协调。这些因素都是认为是否存在法律风险的考察方面。概括而言,合同标的条款约定应当注意以下事项:   (1)要使用标的物的正式名称,即标准学名,而且要用全称。文字表述必须明确具体,尽可能使用符合国际标准或国际行业习惯的商品名称。商品日益丰富,使得双方约定不明时,真实意思很难探究,因此产生以类似商品作为合同约定标的交付带来的合同目的落空,是严重的法律风险。   (2)写明商品商标。一定的商标,标志着一定商品的性能、质量种类。只有写明商标才能使商品特定化。如某商场本想购买杭州某厂生产的“天堂牌”自动雨伞1000把,但在合同中的商品名称栏内只写了“自动雨伞”,而未写“天堂牌”商标,结果供方发来的除有50把是“天堂牌”的自动雨伞外,其余的都是一些杂牌,有不量的甚至无商标,给需方造成损失。相同的产品因为品牌不同,价格差异有时非常巨大。   (3)在确定标的时,还必须注意同名异物和同物异名的情况。如大豆,一般是指黄豆,但有些地方把蚕豆也叫大豆;又如自行车,有的叫人力车,有的叫脚踏车,有的叫单车;又如,电梯美国人叫Elevator,英国人叫Lift,这些都属同物异名。这种情况更需要双方就标的物明确约定,有时需要配合必要的图片或描述性说明。   (4)要写明标的品种、规格、花色及配套件。如购买电视机,除写明名称、商标外,还要写明型号,是黑白,还是彩电或数字电视机;是立式,还是卧式;是遥控,还是自调,以及尺寸大小等。只有把以上这些问题弄清楚,才算是确定的,才能使标的特定化。标的约定不明的法律风险经常出现,只是有时双方确定不明的法律风险因对方的实际交付行为完成而消失。但该法律风险的数量远比因标的发生的纠纷要广泛得多。   2.数量条款及法律风险   数量条款是合同中重要的一个条款,也是较为简单的一个条款,很少受合同当事人的重视。当数量直接表述为特定数字时,该条款几乎不会产生法律风险。但是当数量不是简单用数字表示时,则可能因该条款约定不当产生严重影响。   (1)采用某种计算方法确定数量。一些无法直接用数字表述数量的合同,双方往往根据需要在合同中约定一种数量计算方法。当计算方法出现歧义,得出的合同数量就可能有多个结果,双方理解不同时则容易发生纠纷。   (2)以某一方***终确定实际的数量。这种约定常出现在一些长期供销合同里,实际每次交贷的数量以需方书面通知确定。若当事人并没有考虑将来情况变化对数量需求的影响,则一旦需方突然增大需求,将导致供方无法满足而违约。这种法律风险在双方因合同其他因素发生争议时,也可能被需方恶意利用。   3.质量条款及法律风险   质量条款是合同中容易出现纠纷的条款,多数情况下质量都很难用特别明确的方式界定,一旦发生争议才发现合同约定不明确。质量条款法律风险主要体现在:   (1)质量验收事项约定不明。具体体现在:验收地点没有明确约定是在交货方所在地验收还是在收货方所在地验收;验收不合格是否有权拒绝接受货物以及因此造成损害时如何承担;一些约定双方联合验收的情况,没有约定如果双方有分歧如何处理等。   (2)质量认定的***终途径约定不明。如果双方就是否符合质量要求存在分歧,则需要第三方的介入确定***终的质量认定。由于我国质量检测机关较为复杂,双方如无实际约定,则可能出现就委托***终检测的第三方发生争议。***终需要由法院指定检测机关,双方解决纠纷的成本将大幅增加。   (3)委托检验的费用承担约定不明。费用承担不明,必然出现谁委托、谁负担的情况,即使***终责任明确后可以要求对方承担,但企业资金的占用同样是将要面临的风险。   4.价款或报酬条款及法律风险   多数合同一方当事人承担的主要义务就是支付价款,这个条款看起来比较简单,但是也常常发生纠纷。   (1)计算方法约定不明。如双方约定价款以实际消耗数量结算。而实际消耗数量有时很难难衡量,双方因此发生分歧若没有补救约定,引发的法律风险损害难以衡量。   (2)合同只约定总价的法律风险。在合同标的较为复杂,不是单一标的时,若只约定总价,当出现合同部分解除的情况,双方关于未履行部分所占合同总价的比例往往难以达成一致意见。结果的不确定,必然引起企业无法判断自己该如何行为。   (3)价款支付约定明确方式过于简单。在服务性合同里由于提供服务一方的义务具有弹性,若合同价款支付采用纯粹的支付金额、支付时间的方式约定,则可能难以在对方没有履行义务时有效进行抗辩。这种条款属于企业的法律风险范畴。   5.合同的时间及法律风险   合同的时间是比较容易被忽视的问题,却又影响着合同的正常进行。一份完善的合同必然包括约定的一系列时间概念。一方面,时间条款是容易引发合同纠纷的领域;另一方面,完备的时间条款有助于顺利履行合同。   (1)合同有效期。   案例:A公司在产品市场灸手可热的时候,与B公司签订了长期购销协议,双方约定产品价格为成本价加20%,具体供货数量以A公司生产能力为限;合同没有约定有效期,也没有约定相关的解除条件。若干年后,A公司产品在市场已经滞销,但A公司仍然不断向B公司供货;B公司欲解除合同又缺乏法律依据,处于十分尴尬的境地。   当合同不是一次性交易,无法从交易完成或无法完成角度判断合同履行完毕时,就需要约定一个合同有效期。而实践中确实有不少企业经营者只考虑签约当时的顺利交易情况,不设定合同有效期,甚至希望合同成为无***的长期合同。而一旦合同履行外部环境发生变化时,将给企业带来巨大的法律风险。我国合同法没有规定“情事变更原则”,如果确实无法确定有效期的合同,应当详细约定合同解除条件予以弥补,以避免因此产生的法律风险。   (2)履行时间。   任何一个合同双方当事人都有若干的权利义务,各项义务之间有时存在顺序问题,有时一些义务必须限定履行时间,否则将给其义务履行造成障碍。而具体义务的履行时间经常没有受到足够的重视,尤其是合同的次要义务更容易被当事人忽略。甚至在实践中,一些合同约定了迟延履行的违约责任,但却没有约定相应的义务应该履行的时间,违约也就无从谈起了。   (3)履行期限   一些义务不是简单的行为,除了明确时间外,还需要给当事人一定的期限,如通常付款会规定在几日内完成。一些以特定行为完成为合同有效期的合同,直接规定合同有效期确实不便,若因此不限定履行期限产生的法律风险不容忽略。为避免法律风险,约定对方完成特定行为的***长履行期限是一种较好的选择,一旦对方迟延履行,则可以解决合同。   6.履行方式及法律风险   履行方式与风险转移有密切关系,也是合同较为重要的条款。不同的合同义务涉及的履行方式限定要求不同,衡量履行方式条款是否具有法律风险,应当根据具体的交易要求与合同确定的履行方式是否相符进行判断。有时合同签订背景也会影响履行方式法律风险值。   (1)代为履行问题。企业在选择交易对方时,通常会根据交易需要衡量对方,保证具体对方亲自履行合同能够有效保证合同顺利履行。当合同出现代为履行约定时,则可能给企业带来意想不到的法律风险,特别是在代为履行缺乏相应***时,法律风险值将更高。在设计合同、加工承揽合同等对当事人能力有特殊需要的合同中,缺乏代为履行禁止条款就应当归入法律风险范畴。   (2)运输条款问题。运输条款属于履行方式中非常重要的部分,在涉及运输的合同中,双方关于运输方式、运输费用承担、运输风险负担等约定不明,都是较为明显的法律风险。   7.风险转移及法律风险   在合同履行过程中,因不可归责于双方当事人的原因产生的损失仍然需要确定承担原则,风险转移制度就是处理这种风险由谁承担的规则。法律针对不同类型的合同对风险转移分别作出了规定,如《合同法》***百四十二条(买卖合同)、第二百三十一条(租赁合同)、第二百六十五条(承揽合同)、第三百一十四条(运输合同)、第三百三十八条(技术开发合同)等。然而实际合同的风险转移条款内容更为丰富,约定不当将产生各种法律风险。   (1)超越法定范围承担风险。法律规定的风险转移属于任意性规定,当事人在合同中可以重新安排风险转移,但从法律风险评估衡量角度看,若企业根据合同约定承担了法律规定应当由对方承担的损失风险,属于合同约定不当产生的法律风险。   (2)无名合同的风险转移约定不明。实践中合同类型纷繁,多数属于无名合同,这些合同的风险转移没有法律规定,同时风险转移条款不是合同的必要条款,当事人容易忽略。然而一些合同运用风险转移制度的概率较高,这些合同中风险转移约定不明是必须考虑的法律风险。   (3)法定风险转移的具体界定不明。法律规定的风险转移采用一些比较抽象的概念,这些概念在具体交易中如何界定并不简单,若双方没有一致的认识,争议可能性客观存在。另外,法定的风险转移具体细节也有赖于双方合同的明确约定,这些约定不明的法律风险应当认真进行衡量。   (4)风险转移违反法律强制性规定。当事人通过合同约定,对自己应当承担的责任进行***或免除,广义而言同样属于双方就风险进行重新分配。法律为防止当事人利用自身的缔约优势排除自己的基本责任,因此规定了免责条款无效的情况。若企业在合同中约定的风险转移违反这些法律强制性规定,违法风险产生的损害需要认真对待。   8.保密条款及法律风险   现代经营信息对企业而言具有重要意义,在对外合作时,难免了解或让对方了解经营信息、技术信息、管理信息等。签订保密条款能够有效保障这些信息不被他人滥用,尤其在技术合同中,保密条款更是非常重要的条款。保密义务也应当是双方的,而不是单方的。保密条款应当对技术秘密和商业秘密等进行定义,应当约定保密义务的范围、方法、保密处理程序、保密期限以及失密救济等内容。保密条款法律风险导致的损害不易计算,对企业的伤害有可能是致命的打击,因此在约定时应当格外注意。   9.不可抗力及法律风险   不可抗力是法定的免责事由,《合同法》***百一十七条规定:“因不可抗力不能履行合同的,根据不可抗力的影响,部分或者全部免除责任,但法律另有规定的除外。”不少企业在订立合同时也会约定不可抗力条款,***常见的就是将法律条文直接搬用,没有任何的实际意义。真的发生不可抗力时,双方往往争执不休。   法律对不可抗力的规定比较笼统概括,在实际约定时应该进一步明确有关内容。不可抗力条款应当包括:   (1)不可抗力事件的范围;尤其是双方需要特别排除的事件,如政府行为是否属于不可抗力等;   (2)事件发生后通知对方的期限以及迟延通知的责任;   (3)出具证明文件的机构;   (4)不可抗力事件的后果;哪些导致合同解除,哪些只是部分解除,哪些只是暂停履行等;   (5)其他与不可抗力相关的事项,如减少损失措施的采用、费用承担、保险等。不可抗力因素发生的概率一般较低,但在长期合同中,该条款应该引起重视。   10.违约责任   违约责任是双方合同出现问题,无法正常履行时,依靠事先约定解决的***后一道防线。如果明确具体地约定违约责任,双方合同出现问题时,可以根据违约责任约定妥善解决相关分歧,避免诉讼带来时间和精力的无谓投入。   然而多数的企业经营者在约定违约责任时,并不知道该如何约定,经常看到合同中写道:一方违约,承担违约责任或按法律规定承担违约责任。这样约定没有实际效果。因为没有约定具体的违约责任,只能要求对方赔偿损失,但这种损失不好计算且举证困难。因违约责任约定不明导致企业吃哑巴亏的情况并不少见。   (1)部分义务缺乏对应的违约责任。在考虑义务的时候不是单一的,如卖方的交货义务就应当根据延迟支付、不能交付、交付物品不符等分别约定违约责任。若合同部分义务缺乏对应的违约责任,因该部分义务履行发生分歧时,双方必然产生争执。   (2)违约责任缺乏具体的计算方法。一些合同义务违反带来的损害很难明确,双方容易就责任承担标准发生分歧,因此合同缺乏违约责任的具体计算方法就会存在法律风险。   (3)未设定解除合同的权利。当对方当事人违反合同义务达到一定程度,继续履行合同已经失去意义,然而企业若没有保留解除合同的权利,解除合同企业常常付出较大的代价。   11.解决争议条款及法律风险   不同的司法区域对企业法律风险是不同的。企业对注册所在地的司法实践***为了解,若合同纠纷能够在该区域进行处理,法律风险能够***有效地得到控制。因此,在合同中通过争议解决条款,约定有效的仲裁或诉讼管辖法院,是有效控制法律风险的重要环节。   若约定在对方司法区域管辖,法律风险值通常比管辖约定不明的风险更高。在涉外合同中,约定在国外进行管辖或仲裁,争议解决的成本和难度将大幅上升,法律风险将更高。   12.生效条件   合同的生效,是指已经成立的合同在当事人之间产生一定的法律拘束力。此时能够产生合同当事人所预期的法律后果。***为常见的约定是:“合同自双方签字或盖章之日起生效。”如果一些较为特殊的合同,需要在特定条件或期限届满后才决定是否执行该合同,生效条件就需要认真对待。   13.合同目的   《合同法》第九十四条规定:当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的,可以解除合同。然而合同目的有时并不容易说明,特别是一些合同形式与双方实质目的有出入的情况,如当时购买物品的目的是为了有效履行双方的租赁合同,因租赁合同解除导致买卖合同目的无法实现。必要的对合同目的进行事先说明,对于双方将来发生此类情况解决有所裨益。   合同目的还能够用于对当事人义务履行情况进行软性的约束,对合同条款有不同理解时,也可以根据合同目的作出合理的解释。所以,在较为复杂的合同中约定合同目的是非常必要的。

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